The Funnies - A Wise Boy (1915)

"It's a wise boy that knows his own father"

Life Magazine, December 1915

The Deporting Machine - 1920

When the Machine in Washington Gets to Running Full Time

Judge Magazine, 1920

I like to avoid politics. It's not the subject of my blog and it's one of the subjects rightly deemed unfit for discussion in polite company. Unfortunately, this is an electoral season of populists proclaiming the necessity of border walls, promising the deportation of the "un-American", and chest-thumping speeches about what it is to be a pure and deserving American citizen. Amid the noise of increasingly ludicrous claims and violent rallies, I thought I'd make an exception. 

In 1915 the Ku Klux Klan had gone through a revival at the hands of Alabama physician "Colonel" William Joseph Simmons. In 1915, while recovering from being struck by a car, Simmons, a doctor and veteran who owed his rank not to his membership in the Woodmen fraternal order and not his military service, went to a showing of D. W. Griffith's The Birth of the Nation. Inspired by the film's depiction of the Klan as protectors of southern culture and virtue, he decided to revive the organization. On Thanksgiving day of 1915, in a show of theatrics that would have impressed Adolf Hitler, he gathered a few friends, climbed to the top of Stone Mountain, and burned a cross in imitation of the film. Thus the Klan rose from the ashes with Simmons as the self-declared grand wizard of the new invisible empire.

But Simmons wasn't immediately successful in his racist endeavor. Doubtless Simmons saw the Klan as a money-making endeavor, but it lacked real purpose and hadn't taken off in the way he'd hoped. During World War I the Klan proclaimed itself a protector of America, taking a stand against immigrants and union organizers, but to little effect. In 1920, Simmons signed over 80% of new membership dues to Atlanta publicists Edward Young Clarke and Elizabeth Tyler and the Klan was re-branded as an organization that was radically pro-American (meaning anti-black, anti-Jewish, and extremely anti-Catholic). The Klan quickly made it clear they were ready for violence, expanding its enemy list to include Asians, immigrants, bootleggers, dope, graft, nigh clubs and roadhouses, violators of the Sabbath, sex, pre/extra-marital escapades, and anything they defined as scandalous behavior. They exploited the fears of the nation, feeding on social unrest, and the tactic worked.
The racist plague spread across the Midwest and by 1921 the organization's roles had risen to almost 100,000. But even as the future of racism looked bright, the Klan encountered its first troubles.

While the leadership of the Klan proclaimed the organization was nothing more than another of the hundreds of fraternal orders popular in America at the time, the rank-and-file members of the group had started acting on Simmons' rhetoric. Klan members went on a rampage of whippings, tar-and-featherings, and using acid to brand "KKK" on the foreheads of blacks, Jews, and others they considered "anti-American".

Membership in the Klan rose into the millions, some estimates put membership in Ohio alone at 300,000. Membership soon wasn't limited to uneducated rural whites, the Klan's roles included ministers, doctors, lawyers, and other professionals. Ministers, law enforcement, and political leaders refused to act against the clan (some were among the perpetrators) and few Klansmen were prosecuted. At the same time it was revealed that members of the Klan's leadership had been involved in financial misconduct. And to add insult, promoters Clarke and Tyler were arrested, semi-clothed, in a police raid on a house of ill-repute. The fallout took the form of congressional hearings in October 1921, but as is ever the case with Congress, the hearings ended without any action being taken.

In Hollywood it's said you don't have to worry what people are saying about you, but when they stop talking about you, and the same seemed to hold for the KKK. After multiple newspaper articles revealing the violent tactics and corruption of the Klan and a congressional investigation, membership boomed. By 1924 internal strife and violence had ousted the Klan's founder and his publicists, putting Texas dentist Hiram Wesley Evans on the wizard's throne and ushering in a new era of terrorism in the form of whippings, shootings, and lynchings against the Klan's favored targets as well as anyone considered "anti-American", "immoral", or "race traitors".

The Klan also took a stand against women's rights under the banner of supporting "pure womanhood." In Alabama a divorcee with two children was flogged for the crime of remarrying. In Georgia a woman was given 60 lashes under the charge of "immorality and failure to go to church" and when her 15 year old son ran to her defense he was given the same punishment. In both of these cases ministers led the Klansmen responsible for the violence. In Oklahoma the Klan beat young girls caught riding in automobiles with young men. Even in California's San Joaquin Valley women were flogged or tortured under the charge of immorality.

It was at this pinnacle of violence that the Klan made its greatest political gains. The Klan put a man in the US Senate and helped oust the two Jewish congressmen who'd led the inquiry into Klan activities in the early 20's. The Klan sought to influence the outcome of the 1924 presidential election and moved its headquarters to Washington DC to facilitate access to its flunky delegates in both the Democratic and Republican parties. The Democratic convention in New York erupted into a fight over an anti-Klan platform plank which, in the end, lost by a single vote. After the election, Evans would oversee a 40,000-strong march of robed Klansmen down Pennsylvania Avenue to the Washington Monument, to have helped reelect Coolidge, and to have secured passage of strict anti-immigration laws. The Klan was at the height of its power and influence, heading for a decline.

I go into all this history in hopes everyone can hear its echoes in the bombastic rhetoric of certain politicians who are plying for the office of President of these United States of America. In times when we the people are uncertain, uncomfortable, and even afraid, our better angels often desert us and we're left to the council of our baser instincts. We operate out of what we think is self-preservation when, in fact, we're making ourselves the victim of the mob. How far is it from it from demonizing people to burning crosses in front of their homes, bombing their churches, and lynching their children? Maybe not as far as you'd hope.

WWI - The Price of Neutrality (1915)

British Lion: "Please don't look at me like that, Sam. YOU'RE not the eagle I'm up against."

I had a little time to turn my attention back to the Great War this morning, fortunate since I had a cartoon that is exactly 100 years old today! As of this day 100 years ago, the US was still a neutral party to the growing European conflict. Woodrow Wilson had sent out an appeal to the US people on August 17, 1914 to be "impartial in thought as well as action", a plea meant to stave off attacks from pro-war pundits within the country while he tried to beat back British encroachments against neutral trade with their enemies, Germany and Austria-Hungary. Understandably, his efforts were less than acceptable and in December of 1914 he was forced to give up the effort to use the 1909 Treaty of London as a guarantee of safety for American merchant ships and fall back on much more ambiguous international law.

On February 4, 1915 the German government announced that it would begin a submarine campaign against the allies overwhelming naval power and that, because submarine commanders would find it hard to differentiate neutral ships from those of the allies, no vessel would be safe from being torpedoed within the war zone. This move prompted a warning that Berlin would be held accountable for any US losses from Wilson, but it was vague and Washington wasn't really sure how it would handle any transgressions.

The political cartoon from the January 6, 1915 issue of Punch depicts the British Lion giving Sam the Eagle an assurance that the British rejection of US neutrality shouldn't be taken personally. It's a bit paternalistic in tone, if you ask me, but it's coming from London's perspective in a time when Empire was a real thing. The cartoonist, John Bernard Partridge, was the London born nephew of John Partridge, portrait painter to Queen Victoria. Partridge started his career as an architect before beginning a career as an illustrator. He came to Punch in 1910, replacing the magazine's chief cartoonist. The year this cartoon ran, Partridge also was designing war posters including his famous Take Up the Sword of Justice .

In 1925 Partridge was knighted. He died at the age of 84 in August of 1945.